NSCs are stimulated to begin differentiation via exogenous cues from the microenvironment, or stem cell niche. In previous studies, cultured neurospheres have been transplanted into the brains of immunodeficient neonatal mice and have shown engraftment, proliferation, and neural differentiation. These neurospheres can differentiate to form the specified neurons, glial cells, and oligodendrocytes. Neurospheres can produce self-renewing and proliferating specialized cells. They are capable of forming multipotent neurospheres when cultured in vitro. In vitro origin Īdult NSCs were first isolated from mouse striatum in the early 1990s. Adult NSCs differentiate into new neurons within the adult subventricular zone (SVZ), a remnant of the embryonic germinal neuroepithelium, as well as the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Neurons are generated in large numbers by (RGPs) during a specific period of embryonic development through the process of neurogenesis, and continue to be generated in adult life in restricted regions of the adult brain. During the embryonic development of vertebrates, NSCs transition into radial glial cells (RGCs) also known as radial glial progenitor cells, (RGPs) and reside in a transient zone called the ventricular zone (VZ). Neural stem cells are more specialized than ESCs because they only generate radial glial cells that give rise to the neurons and to glia of the central nervous system (CNS). There are two basic types of stem cell: adult stem cells, which are limited in their ability to differentiate, and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are pluripotent and have the capability of differentiating into any cell type. Neural stem cells differentiating to astrocytes (green) and sites of growth hormone receptor shown in red NSCs primarily differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In asymmetric division, a stem cell produces one stem cell and one specialized cell. In symmetric cell division, both daughter cells are also stem cells. They undergo symmetric or asymmetric cell division into two daughter cells. Stem cells are characterized by their capacity to differentiate into multiple cell types. #Adult stem cells drivers#Differences in the size of the central nervous system are among the most important distinctions between the species and thus mutations in the genes that regulate the size of the neural stem cell compartment are among the most important drivers of vertebrate evolution. Some neural progenitor stem cells persist in highly restricted regions in the adult vertebrate brain and continue to produce neurons throughout life. Neural stem cells ( NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells that firstly generate the radial glial progenitor cells that generate the neurons and glia of the nervous system of all animals during embryonic development.
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